The present essay explores the question of return emigration to Africa, considering how liberated Africans responded to this issue and how their behavior may prompt new understandings of the nature of back-to-Africa projects in general. The paper compares a liberated African repatriation project from the Bahamas with a similar project proposed by a Muslim group of former slaves from Trinidad. Emphasis is placed on the fact that these were back-to-Africa schemes launched by African-born people, in contrast with other "repatriation" projects developed by people of African descent born in the Americas. These African immigrants and would-be re-emigrants were both African and "un-African" in their repatriation projects, and their negotiation of this paradoxical cultural dynamic was far more nuanced than any simple questions of cultural oppression or imperialism on the one hand and "African" resistance on the other.
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